immunodeficien

Immunodeficiency refers to a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent. This can result in a person becoming more susceptible to infections. Immunodeficiency can be broadly categorized into primary and secondary types.

Primary immunodeficiencies are inherited disorders that are present from birth. These are often genetic conditions that affect the development or function of the immune system's components, such as lymphocytes or phagocytes. There are over 400 known types of primary immunodeficiency disorders, ranging in severity from mild to life-threatening. Examples include severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID).

Secondary immunodeficiencies are acquired later in life and are caused by external factors. These can include medical conditions, treatments, or environmental influences. Common causes of secondary immunodeficiency include malnutrition, certain viral infections like HIV, cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation, organ transplantation, and the use of immunosuppressant medications. While many secondary immunodeficiencies can be treated or managed, some, like advanced HIV infection, can severely impair immune function.

Diagnosis of immunodeficiency typically involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and specific laboratory tests to assess the function and number of immune cells and antibodies. Treatment strategies vary depending on the specific type and cause of the immunodeficiency, and may include immunoglobulin replacement therapy, antibiotics to prevent or treat infections, and in some cases, stem cell transplantation.