immorality

Immorality denotes the quality or state of being immoral, that is, violating widely held moral norms. Morality refers to shared beliefs about right and wrong that guide conduct. Immorality is a normative judgment applied to actions, motives, or character by communities, institutions, or individuals. What counts as immoral varies across cultures and historical periods and can shift with new information or social changes.

The term derives from the Latin immoralitas, literally "not moral," and entered English through French. Its precise sense has shifted with changes in ethical theory and religious thought.

Philosophical perspectives on immorality split along theories of duty, consequences, and character. Deontologists label acts immoral if they break duties or rights; utilitarians judge by outcomes; virtue ethicists assess whether actions express virtuous or vicious character. Moral relativists contend immorality is culturally defined, while universalists argue that certain harms are wrong in all societies. These rival views shape debates about what, if anything, is universally immoral.

Legal and social dimensions of immorality do not always align. Some immoral acts are illegal or punished by religious or professional codes, while others may be condemned socially without legal penalties. In practice, judgments of immorality often reflect power, norms, and context as much as harm.

Critics warn that labeling actions as immoral can stigmatize dissent or minority practices. Supporters argue that labeling immorality supports accountability and social order. As societies evolve, standards of immorality may shift in light of evidence, empathy, and pluralistic norms.