illocutionaire

Illocutionary acts are a central concept in speech act theory, describing the action performed in speaking, not merely the content of what is said. An illocutionary act embodies the speaker’s intention and social function, such as stating a belief, ordering someone to do something, promising to act, or apologizing. The term emphasizes what the speaker achieves by uttering the sentence, rather than its literal meaning or its effects on listeners.

In the standard analysis, language use is divided into locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. The locutionary act is the utterance’s semantic content; the illocutionary act is the act performed by the utterance (its force, such as a request or a promise); the perlocutionary act is the effect on the hearer (persuasion, obedience, etc.).

Philosopher J. L. Austin introduced the notion of illocutionary acts as part of speech act theory, refined by John R. Searle. Illocutionary forces are commonly categorized as representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations. Representatives commit the speaker to the truth of a proposition; directives aim to get the listener to do something; commissives commit the speaker to future action; expressives express psychological states; declarations bring about a new state of affairs through the act itself.

Indirect illocutionary acts occur when the literal content differs from the intended force. For example, “Could you pass the salt?” literally asks about ability to pass, but its illocutionary force is a request to hand the salt. Such acts illustrate how context and intonation shape meaning.

This framework has influenced pragmatics, linguistics, and philosophy of language, informing analysis of politeness, coordination, and cross-cultural communication. The variant spelling illocutionaire is uncommon; standard term is illocutionary, used for both the noun and the adjective.