hüdroksüülrühmal

A hüdroksüülrühmal is a functional group in organic chemistry consisting of a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an oxygen atom. This group is commonly represented by the formula -OH. It is a polar group due to the electronegativity difference between oxygen and hydrogen, leading to a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom. This polarity allows hüdroksüülrühmals to participate in hydrogen bonding, which significantly influences the physical properties of molecules containing them, such as solubility in water and boiling points.

Hüdroksüülrühmals are characteristic of alcohols, where they are bonded to a saturated carbon atom. They are also found in phenols, where the -OH group is attached to an aromatic ring, and in carboxylic acids, where it is part of the -COOH group. The presence of a hüdroksüülrühmal confers specific chemical reactivity to a molecule. For instance, alcohols can undergo oxidation reactions, esterification, and ether formation. Phenols exhibit slightly different reactivity due to the influence of the aromatic ring, and carboxylic acids are acidic due to the ability of the hydroxyl hydrogen to dissociate. The hüdroksüülrühmal plays a crucial role in many biological molecules, including carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids, contributing to their structure and function.