hólyagrák

Hólyagrák refers to cancer that develops in the bladder, a muscular organ that stores urine. It is a common type of cancer, with men being more likely to develop it than women. The most common type of bladder cancer is urothelial carcinoma, which begins in the cells that line the inside of the bladder. Other, less common types include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and small cell carcinoma.

The exact cause of bladder cancer is not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified. Smoking is the leading risk factor, with smokers having a significantly higher risk of developing bladder cancer than non-smokers. Exposure to certain chemicals, particularly in industrial settings, can also increase the risk. Chronic bladder infections and inflammation may also play a role.

Symptoms of bladder cancer can include blood in the urine (hematuria), which may appear pink, red, or cola-colored. Other symptoms can include frequent urination, a persistent urge to urinate, painful urination, and back pain. These symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, so it is important to consult a doctor for a proper diagnosis.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, urine tests, and imaging studies such as a CT scan or MRI. A cystoscopy, a procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the bladder, allows for direct visualization and biopsy of suspicious areas. Treatment options depend on the stage and type of bladder cancer, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy. Early detection often leads to more effective treatment outcomes.