hipokalcémia

Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood. Calcium plays a vital role in numerous bodily functions, including muscle and nerve function, blood clotting, and bone health. When calcium levels drop too low, it can lead to a range of symptoms.

The most common causes of hypocalcemia include hypoparathyroidism, a condition where the parathyroid glands do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium levels. Vitamin D deficiency is another significant contributor, as vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption. Kidney failure can also lead to hypocalcemia because the kidneys play a role in activating vitamin D and excreting excess phosphate, which can interfere with calcium. Certain medications, such as diuretics and anticonvulsants, can also lower calcium levels.

Symptoms of hypocalcemia can vary depending on the severity and speed of the calcium decrease. Mild cases might be asymptomatic or cause subtle symptoms like dry skin or brittle nails. More severe hypocalcemia can lead to muscle cramps, spasms (tetany), tingling sensations (paresthesias) in the fingers and around the mouth, and muscle weakness. In extreme cases, it can cause seizures, heart rhythm abnormalities (arrhythmias), and even heart failure.

Diagnosis of hypocalcemia is made through blood tests that measure calcium levels, along with PTH and vitamin D levels. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause and restoring calcium levels. This typically involves calcium and vitamin D supplementation, either orally or intravenously. Long-term management may require addressing chronic conditions like kidney disease or hypoparathyroidism.