haematuria

Haematuria refers to the presence of red blood cells in the urine. It can be visible to the naked eye, a condition known as gross haematuria, or detected only through microscopic examination of the urine, termed microscopic haematuria. The appearance of urine with gross haematuria can range from pink to red or even brown, depending on the amount of blood present.

The causes of haematuria are numerous and can originate from various parts of the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Common causes include infections such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) or kidney infections, kidney stones, bladder stones, and trauma to the urinary tract. Other significant causes include kidney diseases like glomerulonephritis, bladder or kidney cancer, and prostate enlargement or cancer in men. Certain medications, strenuous exercise, and some inherited disorders can also lead to haematuria.

Diagnosis typically involves a urinalysis to confirm the presence of blood and to check for other abnormalities. Further investigations may include blood tests, imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and cystoscopy, a procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the bladder. The treatment for haematuria depends entirely on the underlying cause. Addressing the root problem, whether it's an infection, a stone, or a more serious condition, is crucial for managing haematuria effectively.