haematococcus

Haematococcus is a genus of green microalgae belonging to the division Chlorophyta. These single-celled organisms are notable for their ability to produce astaxanthin, a potent antioxidant carotenoid. Under favorable conditions, Haematococcus algae are green due to the presence of chlorophyll. However, when exposed to environmental stresses such as high light intensity, nutrient deprivation, or extreme temperatures, they undergo a remarkable transformation. Their cell walls thicken, and they accumulate large quantities of red astaxanthin, a process known as encystment or aplanospore formation. This astaxanthin serves as a photoprotective agent, shielding the alga from damaging UV radiation and oxidative stress.

The species Haematococcus pluvialis is the most extensively studied and commercially important member of this genus. It is widely recognized as the richest natural source of astaxanthin. This pigment is responsible for the characteristic red-orange color of the algae in its stress-induced state. Due to its potent antioxidant properties and perceived health benefits, astaxanthin extracted from Haematococcus is in high demand for use in dietary supplements, cosmetics, and aquaculture. The cultivation of Haematococcus for astaxanthin production typically involves a two-stage process: a growth phase under optimal conditions to maximize biomass, followed by a stress phase to induce astaxanthin accumulation. This unique biological characteristic makes Haematococcus a subject of significant interest in biotechnology and nutraceutical industries.