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Hydroxylation is a chemical process that introduces a hydroxyl group (OH) into a molecule. This group, consisting of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom, is a common functional group in organic chemistry. Hydroxylation reactions can occur through various mechanisms, including enzymatic catalysis, which is crucial in biological systems, and non-enzymatic chemical reactions.

In biological contexts, enzymes known as hydroxylases catalyze these reactions. These enzymes play vital roles in metabolic pathways, drug detoxification, and the synthesis of various biomolecules. For instance, cytochrome P450 enzymes are a large family of hydroxylases involved in processing a wide range of substrates, including steroids and fatty acids. The addition of a hydroxyl group can significantly alter a molecule's polarity, solubility, and reactivity, thereby influencing its biological activity.

Chemically, hydroxylation can be achieved using oxidizing agents. The specific reagents and conditions depend on the substrate and the desired position of the hydroxyl group. This process is important in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and other fine chemicals. Understanding hydroxylation is fundamental to organic chemistry and biochemistry, providing insights into molecular transformations and their biological and industrial significance.