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Guanine nucleotides are a family of nucleotides that contain the purine base guanine. The nucleoside guanosine is linked to one to three phosphate groups, and the sugar can be ribose (for RNA) or deoxyribose (for DNA). The common ribonucleotides are GMP, GDP, and GTP, while the corresponding deoxyribonucleotides are dGMP, dGDP, and dGTP.

In biology, guanine nucleotides serve as building blocks for DNA and RNA and as energy and signaling molecules. GTP, in particular, is a high-energy phosphate donor used during protein synthesis by translation factors and in various signaling pathways via GTP-binding proteins (GTPases). GTP hydrolysis powers processes such as initiation and elongation of translation and the regulatory cycles of tubulin polymerization that influence microtubule dynamics.

Biosynthesis and interconversion occur through de novo pathways and salvage routes. GMP can be produced de novo from IMP (via GMP synthetase) or recycled through salvage pathways that reclaim guanine. GMP, GDP, and GTP can be interconverted by kinases and phosphatases, maintaining balanced cellular pools of NTPs and NDPs. Nucleotide salvage and interconversion are coordinated with other purine pools to support nucleic acid synthesis and energy-demanding processes.

Guanine nucleotides are essential for genetic material production and for energy transfer and signaling in cells, with roles spanning metabolism, replication, translation, and cytoskeletal dynamics.