granulotsüüdid

Granulotsüüdid, also known as granulocytes, are a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells play a crucial role in the body's immune response, particularly in defending against bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. Granulocytes are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and are a vital component of the innate immune system.

There are three main types of granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, each with distinct functions and characteristics. Neutrophils are the most abundant, accounting for about 55-70% of circulating white blood cells. They are first responders to microbial invasion, mediating phagocytosis and releasing enzymes that destroy pathogens. Eosinophils are involved primarily in combating multicellular parasites and are also associated with allergic reactions. Basophils, although less common, participate in inflammatory responses by releasing histamine and other mediators that promote vasodilation and attract other immune cells.

Granulocytes are identifiable under microscopy by their multilobed nuclei and granular cytoplasm, which contain enzymes, histamines, and other substances crucial for immune functions. These cells are short-lived, typically surviving only a few days in circulation before being replaced or undergoing apoptosis.

Disorders involving granulotsüüdid include neutropenia (low neutrophil levels), which can increase susceptibility to infections, and eosinophilia or basophilia, conditions characterized by elevated levels of respective granulocytes often linked to allergies, infections, or hematologic diseases. Understanding the biology of granulotsüüdid is essential in diagnosing and managing immune-related conditions and hematological disorders.