glucoma

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, which is vital for good vision. This damage is often caused by an abnormally high pressure in your eye. Glaucoma can be prevented from causing permanent vision loss if detected and treated early.

The optic nerve transmits visual information from your eye to your brain. If it becomes damaged, it can lead to vision loss and blindness. In many types of glaucoma, increased pressure inside your eye, known as intraocular pressure (IOP), is the primary cause of damage. This pressure builds up when the fluid inside your eye, called aqueous humor, doesn't drain properly.

There are several types of glaucoma, but the most common is open-angle glaucoma. In this form, the drainage angle in the eye is open, but the fluid still doesn't flow properly. Another type is angle-closure glaucoma, which occurs when the iris of the eye bulges forward, narrowing or blocking the drainage angle. Other less common forms include normal-tension glaucoma, congenital glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma, which can result from other medical conditions or eye injuries.

Symptoms of glaucoma can vary depending on the type. Open-angle glaucoma often progresses slowly and painlessly, with no early symptoms. Vision loss typically starts with peripheral (side) vision. Angle-closure glaucoma can cause sudden, severe eye pain, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, and halos around lights.

Diagnosis involves a comprehensive eye exam, including measuring IOP, examining the optic nerve, and testing peripheral vision. Treatment aims to lower eye pressure and prevent further optic nerve damage. This can include prescription eye drops, laser therapy, or surgery. Early detection and consistent treatment are crucial to managing glaucoma and preserving vision.