glossoplegia

Glossoplegia refers to paralysis of the tongue. This condition can affect the tongue's ability to move, which in turn can impact speech, swallowing, and the ability to clear the mouth of food or saliva. The tongue is a complex muscle group controlled by the hypoglossal nerve, cranial nerve XII. Therefore, damage or dysfunction affecting this nerve or the muscles themselves can lead to glossoplegia.

Causes of glossoplegia are varied and can include neurological conditions, physical trauma, or surgical complications. Stroke is a common cause, as damage to brain areas controlling tongue movement or the hypoglossal nerve itself can result in paralysis. Traumatic brain injury or injuries directly to the neck or head that affect the hypoglossal nerve can also lead to this condition. Certain medical procedures, particularly those involving the head and neck, carry a risk of nerve damage. Additionally, some rare diseases affecting nerve function or muscles might manifest as glossoplegia.

Symptoms of glossoplegia primarily revolve around impaired tongue function. Individuals may experience difficulty speaking clearly, with speech sounding slurred or unintelligible. Swallowing difficulties, known as dysphagia, are common, leading to a risk of choking or aspiration of food or liquids into the lungs. A drooping or immobile tongue on one side of the mouth may be visible. The ability to taste might also be affected if the damage extends to nerves involved in gustation.

Diagnosis typically involves a neurological examination to assess tongue movement and strength. Imaging studies like MRI or CT scans may be used to identify any underlying brain or nerve abnormalities. Treatment for glossoplegia depends on the underlying cause. If the paralysis is due to a treatable condition, such as an infection or inflammation, addressing that cause may lead to some recovery. Otherwise, management focuses on supportive care and rehabilitation, including speech therapy and dietary modifications to assist with swallowing.