glomerulaarifiltraatin

Glomerular filtration is a fundamental process in the human kidney that plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, as well as removing waste products from the blood. It occurs within the nephrons, the functional units of the kidneys, specifically in the glomerulus—a network of capillaries located at the beginning of each nephron.

The process begins when blood enters the glomerulus under high pressure, driven by the difference between arterial and capsular pressures. This pressure forces water, ions, small molecules, and waste products—collectively known as the filtrate—through the glomerular filtration barrier, which consists of three layers: the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries, the basement membrane, and the podocytes (specialized cells lining the Bowman’s capsule). Larger molecules, such as proteins and blood cells, are typically retained in the bloodstream due to their size and charge.

The filtrate then passes into Bowman’s capsule, where it continues its journey through the nephron for further processing. The efficiency of glomerular filtration is regulated by factors such as blood pressure, renal blood flow, and the autonomic nervous system. Conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or glomerulonephritis can impair this process, leading to reduced filtration rates and potential kidney dysfunction.

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a key clinical measure used to assess kidney function. It reflects the volume of filtrate formed per unit time and is influenced by age, gender, and overall health. Maintaining optimal glomerular filtration is essential for preventing the buildup of toxins in the blood and preserving renal function.