gesungen

Gesungen is the past participle of the German verb singen, meaning "sung" in English. It is used to form perfect tenses with the auxiliary haben and can also function as an adjective in participial form, such as in the phrase das gesungene Lied.

Formation and usage in grammar:

Gesungen is formed with the ge- prefix and the -en ending, following the pattern of many strong verbs. In perfect tenses, it appears with haben: ich habe gesungen, du hast gesungen, er hat gesungen. The pluperfect uses hatte or hatte gesungen, for example: wir hatten gesungen. The passive voice can be expressed with werden plus the past participle: Es wird gesungen; Es wurde gesungen. A perfect passive form is Es ist gesungen worden.

Adjective use and related terms:

As an adjective, gesungen can describe a noun in its participial form, typically appearing as das gesungene Lied or eine gesungene Version. This usage notes that the singing has already occurred and is part of the described object. The noun Gesang denotes the act or art of singing, while gesungen is specifically the participle form associated with the completed singing.

Notes:

Gesungen is a standard past participle for singen and is distinct from the simple past sang, which is sang in German. While gesungen appears frequently in written and spoken German, the simple past form singt or sang is more common for narrative narration in certain dialects or registers.