genom

Genom is the complete set of genetic material present in an organism or cell, including its genes and the noncoding sequences of the genetic material. In cellular organisms, the genom comprises the nuclear genome as well as organellar genomes such as mitochondrial DNA in animals and plants, and chloroplast DNA in plants. Prokaryotic genomes are typically a single circular chromosome, sometimes accompanied by plasmids. The study of genomes and their structure, function, and evolution is called genomics.

Genomes vary widely in size and organization. The number of genes does not directly correspond to organismal complexity, and a substantial portion of genomes can be noncoding or repetitive. Genomic variation among individuals or species underpins inherited traits, disease susceptibility, and adaptation to environments. Epigenetic factors also influence how genomic information is read and expressed without changing the underlying DNA sequence.

Sequencing and analysis technologies enable the determination of entire genomes and the construction of reference genomes, which serve as benchmarks for identifying genes and genetic variants. Modern approaches combine short-read and long-read sequencing to produce assemblies, annotations, and comparative insights. Genome projects have advanced medicine, agriculture, conservation, and evolutionary biology by linking genetic information to function and phenotype.

Applications include personalized medicine, cancer genomics, crop improvement, and studying population history. Ethical considerations, data privacy, consent, and equitable access accompany genomic research as its use expands across society.