gammaaminovõiinhappe

Gamma-aminovõiinhappe, commonly known as GABA, is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that functions as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Its main role is to reduce neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. When GABA binds to its receptors, it causes chloride ions to enter the neuron, making the neuron less likely to fire an action potential. This inhibitory action is crucial for regulating a variety of physiological processes.

GABA is synthesized in the brain from glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, by the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase. It is then stored in synaptic vesicles and released into the synaptic cleft when a neuron is stimulated. After binding to GABA receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, GABA is either reabsorbed by presynaptic neurons or glial cells, or it is enzymatically degraded.

Dysregulation of GABAergic signaling has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. For instance, low levels of GABA activity are associated with conditions such as anxiety disorders, epilepsy, and insomnia. Conversely, excessive GABAergic activity can lead to sedation and reduced motor control. Many medications, including benzodiazepines and barbiturates, exert their effects by enhancing GABAergic neurotransmission, highlighting its significance in both normal brain function and therapeutic interventions.