gammaaminovõihappe

Gamma-aminovõihappe, commonly known as GABA, is a neurotransmitter found in the brain. It is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. This means that GABA plays a crucial role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. It achieves this by binding to specific receptors on neurons, which in turn opens ion channels, allowing negatively charged ions like chloride to enter the cell. This influx of negative charge hyperpolarizes the neuron, making it less likely to fire an action potential.

GABA is synthesized from glutamate, another neurotransmitter, by the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase. It is then stored in synaptic vesicles and released into the synaptic cleft when a neuron is stimulated. After binding to GABA receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, GABA is either broken down by enzymes or reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron or glial cells. This process of synthesis, release, binding, and removal is essential for maintaining the delicate balance of excitation and inhibition in the brain.

Dysregulation of GABAergic signaling has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric conditions. For instance, low levels of GABA or impaired GABA receptor function are associated with anxiety disorders, epilepsy, and insomnia. Conversely, some medications, like benzodiazepines, enhance the effects of GABA, leading to their sedative and anxiolytic properties. Research continues to explore the complex roles of GABA in brain function and its potential as a therapeutic target for a range of disorders.