gammaaminosmørsyre

gammaaminosmørsyre, more commonly known as GABA, is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that functions as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Its inhibitory action is crucial for regulating neuronal excitability, preventing overstimulation, and maintaining a state of calm. GABA is synthesized from glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, by the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase.

When GABA binds to its receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, it typically opens chloride channels. The influx of chloride ions into the neuron hyperpolarizes the cell membrane, making it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential. This inhibitory effect plays a significant role in various physiological processes, including sleep, muscle relaxation, anxiety reduction, and motor control. Deficiencies or dysfunctions in GABAergic signaling have been implicated in a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as epilepsy, anxiety disorders, and insomnia.

Pharmacological agents that target GABA receptors, such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates, are used to enhance GABA's inhibitory effects and are prescribed for conditions like anxiety, seizures, and insomnia. Conversely, some compounds can block GABA receptors, leading to excitatory effects and potentially seizures. The study of GABA and its receptors continues to be a vital area of neuroscience research, offering insights into brain function and the development of therapeutic interventions.