fázisváltozási

Fázisváltozás, often translated as phase transition, refers to a physical process where a substance changes from one state of matter to another. This occurs when a change in external conditions, such as temperature or pressure, causes a rearrangement of the substance's molecular structure. The most common examples are melting, boiling, and freezing.

Melting is the transition from solid to liquid, happening when a solid absorbs enough energy to overcome the forces holding its molecules in a fixed structure. Freezing is the reverse process, where a liquid loses energy and its molecules arrange themselves into a more ordered solid state. Boiling is the transition from liquid to gas, where molecules gain enough kinetic energy to escape the liquid surface and become gaseous. Condensation is the opposite, where gas molecules lose energy and return to a liquid state. Sublimation is a direct transition from solid to gas, bypassing the liquid phase, while deposition is the reverse process.

These transitions are characterized by specific temperatures and pressures known as phase transition points. During a phase transition, the temperature of the substance remains constant even as energy is added or removed, because this energy is used to break or form intermolecular bonds rather than to increase kinetic energy. Understanding phase transitions is crucial in many scientific and engineering fields, from meteorology and materials science to chemistry and thermodynamics.