Fázisváltozás

Fázisváltozás, also known as phase transition, refers to the physical process where a substance changes from one state of matter to another. These changes occur at specific temperatures and pressures. The most common examples involve transitions between solid, liquid, and gaseous states.

Melting, or fusion, is the transition from solid to liquid, occurring when a substance absorbs enough energy to overcome the bonds holding its particles in a fixed structure. Freezing, the reverse process, is the transition from liquid to solid, where particles lose energy and their movement becomes more restricted. Boiling, or vaporization, is the transition from liquid to gas, requiring significant energy input to allow particles to escape into the gaseous phase. Condensation is the opposite, where gas particles lose energy and return to a liquid state.

Sublimation is a direct transition from solid to gas, bypassing the liquid phase. Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) is a common example. Deposition is the reverse process, where a gas directly forms a solid. Frost formation is an example of deposition. These phase changes are reversible and are governed by thermodynamic principles, notably the concept of latent heat, which is the energy absorbed or released during the transition without a change in temperature.