frontdifferential

A front differential is a gear train in a vehicle’s front axle that splits engine torque between the left and right front wheels while allowing them to rotate at different speeds. This enables smooth cornering and reduces drivetrain binding when the wheels travel at different circumferences. In many front-wheel-drive vehicles, the front differential is integrated into the transaxle, forming a single assembly with the transmission.

In all-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive systems, a center differential or transfer case works alongside the front differential to distribute torque between the front and rear axles. The front differential still performs its primary role of balancing torque between the two front wheels, while the overall system manages the front–rear torque split to suit driving conditions.

Most front differentials are open, meaning they divide torque to the wheels but allow maximum torque to be delivered to the wheel with less resistance, which can lead to slip if one wheel loses traction. Variants include limited-slip differentials, which bias torque toward the wheel with more grip; locking differentials, which mechanically couple the two front wheels; viscous couplings that use fluid shear to transfer torque; and torque-sensing or Torsen differentials that route torque based on load and traction conditions.

Maintenance generally involves periodic replacement of differential fluid or oil as specified by the manufacturer, along with inspection for leaks or worn seals. Front differential issues may manifest as unusual noises, difficulty steering while turning, or uneven power delivery to the front wheels. In AWD systems, proper operation of the front differential is integral to overall traction and handling.