fosforylujc

Fosforylujc, in this article treated as the process of phosphorylation, is a biochemical modification in which a phosphate group is covalently attached to a substrate. In biological systems this transfer is most commonly catalyzed by protein kinases, using ATP as the phosphate donor.

The phosphate is typically added to hydroxyl groups of amino acids such as serine, threonine, or tyrosine in proteins, but phosphorylation can also occur on lipids or carbohydrates. Reversible removal by phosphatases completes the cycle.

Phosphorylation regulates activity, interactions, localization, and stability of target molecules. It forms the basis of many signaling pathways, including growth, metabolism, and cell division. Aberrant phosphorylation is linked to diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

Kinases come in many families with substrate specificities. Phosphatases provide counter-regulation. The study of phosphorylation involves phospho-specific antibodies, mass spectrometry, and radiolabeling techniques to detect phosphate incorporation.

The term fosforylujc parallels the English term phosphorylation. Its discovery and study have shaped modern biochemistry and cell biology, illustrating how a simple chemical modification can control complex cellular processes.