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Phosphonate derivatives are a broad class of chemical compounds that feature the phosphonate functional group, typically represented as P(=O)(OH)2 or its ester and amide derivatives. In organophosphonates, a carbon substituent is bonded to phosphorus via a P–C bond. The phosphonate moiety is versatile, allowing mono-, di-, and polyphosphonate structures that underpin a wide range of applications in chemistry, biology, agriculture, and medicine.

Common examples include organophosphonates such as glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine), a widely used herbicide; etidronate and related bisphosphonates used in medicine to treat bone disorders. Phosphonate esters serve as flame retardants, stabilizers, and ligands in catalysis. Bisphosphonates, a notable subgroup, contain two phosphonate units linked to a central carbon and are used as drugs to inhibit bone resorption. Other derivatives include vinyl phosphonates and phosphonamidates.

Phosphonate derivatives often exhibit strong chelating properties toward metal ions, acidic protons with pKa values characteristic of phosphonic acids, and greater hydrolytic stability than many phosphate esters. These features make them useful as scale inhibitors, detergents, agricultural adjuvants, and ligands in coordination chemistry. They can be prepared by esterification of phosphonic acids or via routes that form C–P or P–N bonds.

Safety and environmental profiles vary widely among derivatives. Some, such as certain herbicides, have regulatory and ecological considerations, while clinical bisphosphonates are widely used with established safety data. As a chemical class, phosphonate derivatives continue to be studied for greener synthesis, better biodegradability, and safer applications across agriculture, medicine, and industry.