folkeavstemning

Folkeavstemning, or referendum, is a vote by the population on a specific public issue. It is a form of direct democracy that can be binding or advisory, depending on a country’s constitution and laws. Referendums are typically used for matters seen as too important for ordinary legislation, such as constitutional changes or major policy questions.

Referendums can be binding, meaning the outcome has the force of law, or consultative, where results guide decisions but may not compel them. Some systems require referendums to be mandatory for certain questions, while others allow popular initiatives that trigger a referendum after collecting a required number of signatures.

Process and rules vary by jurisdiction. Usually a referendum is called by the legislature or executive, sometimes after a petition or a constitutional provision. The wording and the threshold for victory (e.g., simple or supermajority, turnout) are defined in law. Campaigns accompany the vote, and turnout can influence legitimacy.

Examples and prevalence vary worldwide. Switzerland has a long-standing system of frequent referendums at federal and cantonal levels. Norway has held referendums on constitutional questions and European Union membership. Scotland's 2014 independence referendum is well known, while many countries use referendums for constitutional or regional questions.

Critics argue that referendums can oversimplify complex issues or be swayed by populist rhetoric, or suffer from low turnout. Supporters say they enhance legitimacy by involving citizens in major decisions. In practice, referendums often accompany representative institutions rather than replace them.