fireflies

Fireflies, also called lightning bugs in North America, are a group of beetles in the family Lampyridae (order Coleoptera). They are notable for their ability to produce light, a form of bioluminescence. About 2,000 species occur worldwide, mainly in warm, humid environments. Fireflies are not true flies, despite their common name.

Bioluminescence is produced by light-emitting organs in the abdomen. The light results from a chemical reaction that involves luciferin, luciferase, ATP, and oxygen. The beetles regulate light output and timing by controlling blood flow and oxygen supply to the lanterns. In many species, males flash to attract females, and females respond with species-specific signals.

Life cycle and diet: Fireflies undergo complete metamorphosis, with eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. Larvae are typically predatory, feeding on snails and other invertebrates. Adults may feed on nectar or not feed at all, and their primary role is reproduction. The adult stage is usually short.

Ecology and conservation: Fireflies inhabit damp habitats such as forests, wetlands, and grasslands. Populations are affected by habitat loss and light pollution, which can disrupt signaling. Some regions have implemented measures to reduce artificial lighting and preserve moist habitats to support firefly populations.