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Filtering is a process used to separate solids from liquids or gases using a filter medium. The filter medium allows the fluid to pass through but retains the solid particles. This technique is widely employed across various industries and in everyday life to purify substances, remove impurities, or recover valuable solids.

In industrial settings, filtering is crucial for manufacturing processes, water treatment, and chemical production. For example, in the food and beverage industry, filters are used to clarify juices, beer, and wine, ensuring clarity and removing unwanted particles. In pharmaceuticals, filtration is essential for sterilizing solutions and removing particulate matter from drug formulations. Water treatment plants utilize large-scale filtration systems to remove sediment, microorganisms, and other contaminants from drinking water.

In a domestic context, filtering is commonly encountered in kitchen appliances and household items. Coffee makers use filters to separate coffee grounds from brewed coffee. Water pitchers with built-in filters aim to improve the taste and quality of tap water. Air purifiers employ filters to remove dust, pollen, and other airborne particles, improving indoor air quality. The principle behind all these applications is the same: a physical barrier that selectively allows certain components of a mixture to pass while holding back others. The effectiveness of a filter depends on the pore size of the filter medium and the size of the particles to be removed.