fecale

Fecale is an adjective meaning related to feces, the solid or semisolid byproduct of digestion that is excreted through the anus. In medical and scientific contexts, fecal materials or samples are used to assess digestive health, infection, nutrient absorption, and exposure to contaminants. The term is used in several languages, including Italian and French, with the English equivalent “fecal.”

Formation and composition: Feces are formed mainly in the colon as water is absorbed from indigestible matter and the intestinal bacteria metabolize remaining substances. Typical feces consist largely of water (about 75%), with solids comprising bacteria, undigested dietary fiber, mucus, shed intestinal cells, bile pigments, fats, and inorganic material. The color, texture, and odor reflect diet, hydration, gut transit time, and microbial activity. Changes in color such as pale, black, or red stools can indicate health issues and warrant medical attention.

Medical and diagnostic use: Fecal analysis includes testing for pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites), occult blood, fat malabsorption, and inflammation markers. Tests such as stool culture, enzyme immunoassays, polymerase chain reaction, fecal elastase, and fecal calprotectin are used to diagnose infections, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, and other conditions. Fecal samples also support studies of the gut microbiome and exposure to toxins.

Public health and environment: The presence and concentration of fecal matter in water or soil are important indicators of sanitation and contamination. Fecal coliforms, including Escherichia coli, serve as indicators of fecal pollution and are monitored in drinking water, recreational waters, and wastewater treatment. Proper hygiene, sanitation, and sewage treatment reduce fecal-borne disease risk.