facemasks

A facemask is a covering worn over the nose and mouth to reduce the spread of respiratory droplets and to protect against inhaled particles. They are used by patients, healthcare workers, and the public in medical, industrial, and daily settings. Masks can serve as source control or personal protective equipment, depending on design.

Common types include surgical masks (loose-fitting disposables that shield against large droplets and splashes), filtering facepiece respirators such as N95/FFP2 (tight-fitting and capable of filtering about 95% of airborne particles), elastomeric respirators (reusable, with replaceable filters), and cloth masks (multi-layer textiles used mainly for source control).

Materials vary: disposable masks use non-woven polypropylene; respirators rely on specialized filter media. Filtration efficiency, breathability, and fluid resistance are key performance factors. Standards bodies such as NIOSH, EN, and ASTM certify and label respirators and masks; fit and seal are essential for respirators, while loose masks provide less aerosol protection.

Use and care: don a mask so it covers the nose and mouth with a secure fit; avoid touching the front; replace when damp, damaged, or after recommended time. Reusable elastomeric and some cloth masks can be cleaned and reused; disposable masks are typically discarded after use. In many settings, fit testing and guidelines govern selection and use of tighter respirators.

Disposal and environmental considerations: disposable masks contribute to waste; cloth masks reduce waste but require proper laundering. Recommendations on mask use evolve with evidence about transmission and pathogens and can vary by country or situation.