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Eutrophication is a process by which a body of water becomes enriched with minerals and nutrients, leading to excessive plant growth. This phenomenon is primarily caused by the introduction of excess nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, into water bodies. These nutrients can originate from various sources, including agricultural runoff, sewage discharge, and industrial waste. When these nutrients enter a water body, they stimulate the growth of algae and other aquatic plants, leading to an increase in biomass.

The excessive growth of algae can have several negative consequences. It can deplete the water of oxygen, creating hypoxic or even anoxic conditions that are harmful to aquatic life. Additionally, the decay of the excess algae can lead to the production of harmful substances, such as toxins and hydrogen sulfide, which can further harm aquatic organisms. The overgrowth of aquatic plants can also alter the ecosystem by changing the habitat structure and reducing the availability of light and space for other species.

Eutrophication can occur in both freshwater and marine environments, but it is more commonly observed in lakes and reservoirs. The process can be accelerated by human activities, such as the construction of dams and the use of fertilizers in agriculture. To mitigate the effects of eutrophication, various management strategies can be employed, including reducing nutrient inputs, enhancing natural nutrient removal processes, and restoring degraded ecosystems.