etilénoxid

Ethylene oxide, also known as oxirane, is a small, highly reactive epoxide with the chemical formula C2H4O. It is a colorless, flammable gas at room temperature, with a boiling point of about −12.3 °C. The strained three-membered ring drives its reactivity, making it a versatile intermediate for producing a wide range of chemicals and materials.

Production of ethylene oxide occurs mainly through two commercial routes. The primary method is direct catalytic oxidation of ethylene with oxygen over silver-based catalysts. A second route is the chlorohydrin process, in which ethylene reacts with chlorine and water to form ethylene chlorohydrin, which is then treated with a base to yield ethylene oxide. By-product streams can be processed further to other products. All processes require careful temperature control and safety measures due to flammability and hazard.

Applications of ethylene oxide include its role as a major precursor for ethylene glycol, glycol ethers, and various plastics, solvents, and surfactants. It is also widely used for sterilization of medical devices and other heat-sensitive equipment via vapor-phase sterilization, and, under controlled conditions, as a fumigant.

Safety and regulation: Ethylene oxide is highly flammable and forms explosive mixtures with air. It is toxic and is classified as a human carcinogen and mutagen; exposure can irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Handling requires closed systems, adequate ventilation, monitoring, and personal protective equipment, with strict regulatory controls on emissions, storage, and use.