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Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. Its chemical formula is C2H5OH. Ethanol is a simple alcohol and is produced industrially through the fermentation of sugars by yeast or by the hydration of ethylene. It is a key component in alcoholic beverages and is also used as a solvent, in the production of other chemicals, and as a fuel additive.

In beverages, ethanol is produced through the fermentation of carbohydrates found in fruits, grains, and other plant materials. This process is carried out by yeast, which consumes sugars and produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. The concentration of ethanol in alcoholic beverages varies widely.

Industrially, ethanol is synthesized through the catalytic hydration of ethylene. This method is more efficient for large-scale production. Ethanol serves as a versatile solvent in many industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and paints. It is also used as a precursor in the synthesis of other organic compounds like ethyl acetate and ethylene oxide.

Ethanol can be used as a fuel, either alone or blended with gasoline. This renewable fuel source is produced from biomass, such as corn or sugarcane. Ethanol is also used in scientific research and laboratory settings as a reagent and solvent. Due to its ability to denature proteins, it is also used as a disinfectant. Exposure to high concentrations of ethanol vapor can be harmful.