enzýmov

Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. Most enzymes are proteins, though a subset of RNA molecules also has catalytic properties and are known as ribozymes. Enzymes act by binding substrates at a specifically shaped active site, where chemical transformation occurs. The enzyme remains unchanged by the reaction and can catalyze many cycles, making it a highly efficient catalyst.

Enzyme activity depends on conditions such as temperature, pH, and the presence of cofactors or coenzymes. Many enzymes require metal ions or organic molecules (NAD+, FAD, heme, biotin) to function. Some enzymes operate as part of multi-subunit complexes and may show allosteric regulation, where effectors alter activity. Enzymes exhibit specificity for substrates and reactions. The rate of reaction is described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with parameters Km and Vmax.

Enzymes are classified into six major groups: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases, according to the Enzyme Commission (EC) numbering system. They play central roles in digestion, metabolism, DNA replication, and more. They have extensive industrial applications, including in food processing, pulp and paper, detergents, and pharmaceutical synthesis, often produced by microbial fermentation and sometimes immobilized for reuse.

Deficiency or malfunction of enzymes can lead to disease; some enzymes are used therapeutically in enzyme replacement therapy or as drug targets. Enzymes therefore are fundamental to biology, medicine, and industry, with remarkable specificity and efficiency under mild conditions.

Note: in Slovak, the common nominative plural is enzýmy; enzýmov is the genitive plural form used in phrases like "of enzymes."