endokriner

Endokriner is a term used in several European languages to describe the endocrine system or endocrine glands. The endocrine system comprises glands and tissues that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream or surrounding tissue, coordinating long-distance communication and regulation of physiology. Unlike exocrine glands, which release substances through ducts, endocrine glands release hormones into the circulatory system.

Major components include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads (ovaries and testes). The placenta can also function as an endocrine organ during pregnancy. Hormones from various organs, including the gut and adipose tissue, can play endocrine roles and influence distant targets.

Hormones act as chemical messengers that regulate metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, mood, and homeostasis. They travel via the bloodstream and bind to specific receptors on target cells, triggering biological responses. Some hormones exert rapid effects, others produce long-term changes through gene expression and metabolism.

Regulation typically involves feedback loops, most often negative feedback. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland coordinate many endocrine axes (for example, the thyroid, adrenal, and gonadal axes), integrating signals from the nervous system and other tissues.

Clinical relevance includes a range of disorders such as diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases (hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism), adrenal disorders, pituitary disorders, and gonadal dysfunction. Diagnosis relies on hormone level measurements, imaging, and stimulation or suppression tests; treatment may involve hormone replacement, hormone antagonists, or other targeted therapies.

Etymology: from Greek endon (within) and krinein (to separate). The term underscores secretion into the internal milieu rather than through ducts, and usage may vary by language.