endocrini

Endocrini, in medical contexts, refers to the endocrine system, a network of glands and tissues that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate metabolism, growth, development, and reproduction. The term derives from Greek roots meaning within and to secrete.

Major glands include the pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads, thymus, and pineal gland. Many organs also secrete hormones in addition to other functions, including adipose tissue, the gut, and the heart.

Hormones are signaling molecules that travel in blood to distant targets; receptor binding triggers cellular responses. Hormone classes include peptide or protein hormones, steroid hormones derived from cholesterol, and amine hormones from amino acids. Regulation is achieved largely by feedback loops, particularly the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Circadian rhythms and metabolic state influence secretion.

Clinical disorders related to the endocrine system include diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases (hypo- or hyperthyroidism), adrenal disorders, pituitary disorders, and disturbances of calcium and phosphate balance. Diagnosis uses blood and urine tests to measure hormone levels, stimulation or suppression tests, imaging studies, and genetic testing when appropriate. Treatment aims to restore hormonal balance through replacement therapy, inhibitors, receptor agonists or antagonists, and, when needed, surgical intervention.

In medical contexts, the study and treatment of the endocrine system fall under endocrinology, a branch of medicine devoted to hormone biology, diagnosis, and therapy.