emäkset

Emäkset (pl. emäkset) is Finnish terminology for bases in chemistry. In the Arrhenius sense, bases are substances that increase the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH−) in water. In broader definitions, such as the Bronsted–Lowry and Lewis frameworks, bases are substances that accept protons or donate electron pairs. In Finnish education and literature, emäs is commonly contrasted with happo, the term for acids, forming the basis of introductory acid–base chemistry.

Common properties and reactions: Bases neutralize acids in acid–base reactions to form a salt and water. In aqueous solutions, bases typically have pH greater than 7. They may be corrosive or caustic depending on the strength and concentration. Strong bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), while weaker bases include ammonia (NH3). Carbonates and bicarbonates, such as sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3), also behave as bases in solution.

Examples and applications: Emäkset are used in industrial and laboratory settings for chemical synthesis, pH control, and cleaning. They appear in products like drain cleaners, soap-making, and various manufacturing processes. In biology and environmental science, bases interact with acids in buffering systems and in soil and water chemistry.

Safety and handling: Many bases are caustic and can cause chemical burns or eye injury. Proper safety measures include using gloves, eye protection, and adequate ventilation, particularly with strong bases like NaOH or KOH.

See also: Happo (acid), pH, neutralization reaction, acid–base theory.