electronien

Electronien are subatomic particles that carry a negative electric charge and are among the fundamental constituents of atoms. In many languages, Electronien is the plural form of electron, though English texts typically use electrons.

Each electron has a charge of -1 elementary charge and a rest mass of about 9.109 x 10^-31 kilograms. Their mass is tiny compared with protons or neutrons, but they contribute to the atom's overall mass and dynamics.

Electrons exhibit wave–particle duality and are described by quantum mechanics through a wavefunction. They possess spin 1/2 and obey Fermi–Dirac statistics, which governs their behavior in many-body systems.

Within atoms, electrons occupy orbitals arranged in electron shells around the nucleus. Their arrangement determines chemical properties and reactions; electrons are exchanged or shared in bonds, and their collective motion produces electric currents.

Historically, the electron was discovered in 1897 by J. J. Thomson via cathode-ray experiments, and its charge magnitude was measured with Millikan’s oil-drop experiment in the early 20th century.

Electronien are leptons, elementary fermions in the Standard Model, and they interact electromagnetically and, at higher energies, via the weak force. They are considered pointlike in the Standard Model, with no known substructure.

Applications of electron behavior include electronics, semiconductors, spectroscopy, and medical imaging. Understanding electron structure underpins much of modern physics, chemistry, and technology.