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Anwar Sadat was the third President of Egypt, serving from 1970 until his assassination in 1981. He was a senior member of the Free Officers Movement that overthrew the monarchy in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Sadat was a close colleague of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Egypt's first president, and succeeded him upon his death.

Sadat's presidency marked a significant shift in Egyptian foreign policy. He initiated the Yom Kippur War in 1973 against Israel, a conflict that, despite initial setbacks, ultimately led to renewed diplomatic engagement. This engagement culminated in the Camp David Accords of 1978, brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. The Accords resulted in a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, a historic achievement that earned Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin the Nobel Peace Prize.

Domestically, Sadat implemented the policy of infitah, or "opening," which aimed to reverse some of Nasser's socialist policies and encourage economic liberalization. This policy led to increased foreign investment and private enterprise but also contributed to rising inequality and inflation.

Sadat's peace initiative with Israel was controversial within the Arab world, leading to Egypt's suspension from the Arab League. His domestic policies also faced opposition from various groups. On October 6, 1981, during a military parade commemorating the Yom Kippur War, Anwar Sadat was assassinated by Islamist extremists who opposed his peace treaty with Israel. His legacy remains a subject of debate, praised for his courage in pursuing peace and criticized for the economic and social consequences of his policies.