ekonómii

Ekonómii is a social science that studies how societies allocate scarce resources to produce goods and services and to distribute them among their members. It explores how people make choices, how those choices interact through markets, and how institutions such as laws, rules, and norms shape economic outcomes. The field encompasses the behavior of individuals, firms, and governments, as well as the broader performance of economies.

The discipline is commonly divided into microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics analyzes how households and firms decide what to buy, what to produce, and at what prices, focusing on markets for goods, services, labor, and capital. Macroeconomics examines economy-wide aggregates such as gross domestic product, inflation, unemployment, and growth, addressing questions about how policy, technology, and global factors influence the overall performance of an economy. Econometrics and data analysis provide tools to test theories and forecast trends, while subfields such as development economics, international economics, behavioral economics, and environmental economics apply core ideas to specific contexts and issues.

Historically, ekonómii has evolved from moral philosophy and early mercantile thought to classical economics, marginalism, and various schools of macroeconomic analysis. Today, it informs public policy, business strategy, and financial markets, offering models and evidence about how incentives, information, and institutions drive economic outcomes. Critics highlight the simplifying assumptions of models, the challenges of measuring value and welfare, and the moral dimensions of policy trade-offs between efficiency and equity.