dyspareusi

Dyspareunia is the medical term for recurrent pain during sexual intercourse. It is a condition that affects individuals of all genders and can manifest in various ways, from superficial discomfort at the vaginal opening to deep pelvic pain. The pain can be described as sharp, burning, or aching.

The causes of dyspareunia are diverse and can be physical, psychological, or a combination of both. Physical causes include insufficient lubrication, infections like yeast infections or bacterial vaginosis, skin conditions affecting the vulva or vagina, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, fibroids, ovarian cysts, and surgical scarring from procedures like episiotomies or hysterectomies. Certain medical conditions such as diabetes can also contribute by affecting nerve function and lubrication.

Psychological factors can also play a significant role. Stress, anxiety, depression, a history of sexual abuse or trauma, relationship issues, and negative beliefs about sex can all contribute to or exacerbate dyspareunia. Fear of pain can create a cycle where anticipation of discomfort leads to muscle tension, which in turn can cause pain.

Diagnosis typically involves a thorough medical history, including detailed questions about the onset, location, and nature of the pain, as well as sexual and relationship dynamics. A physical examination may be performed to identify any underlying physical causes. Treatment approaches are tailored to the individual and depend on the identified causes. This can include medical treatments like lubricants, hormonal therapy, antibiotics, or surgery for specific conditions. Psychological interventions such as sex therapy, counseling, or cognitive behavioral therapy can be highly effective, particularly when psychological factors are prominent. Pelvic floor physical therapy is also a common and effective treatment for many types of dyspareunia. Open communication with a healthcare provider is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective management.