donorimolekule

Donorimolekule, also known as **donor molecules** or **electron-donor molecules**, are chemical compounds capable of donating electrons or electron density to other molecules or atoms. These molecules play a crucial role in various chemical reactions, particularly in coordination chemistry, organic synthesis, and materials science. Their ability to stabilize positive charges or transition states makes them essential in catalysis and supramolecular chemistry.

In organic chemistry, donorimolekules often participate in reactions such as nucleophilic substitutions, additions, and redox processes. Common examples include amines, phosphines, and aromatic systems with lone pairs or π-electrons. For instance, triphenylphosphine (PPh₃) is a well-known donor molecule that stabilizes intermediates in reactions like the Wittig olefination.

In coordination chemistry, donorimolekules bind to metal centers through coordinate covalent bonds, forming complexes. Ligands such as ammonia (NH₃), ethylenediamine (en), and carbon monoxide (CO) act as donorimolekules, influencing the geometry, reactivity, and properties of metal complexes. The strength of their donation can be quantified using parameters like the **donor number (DN)**, which measures their ability to solvate metal cations.

Donorimolekules are also integral in supramolecular chemistry, where they facilitate non-covalent interactions like hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and host-guest complexes. For example, crown ethers and cryptands rely on electron-donating oxygen atoms to bind cationic species selectively.

Applications of donorimolekules span industrial catalysis, pharmaceutical development, and advanced materials. They enable the design of functional polymers, conductive materials, and sensors by tuning electronic properties through deliberate molecular engineering. Their versatility continues to drive innovation in both fundamental research and applied sciences.