diarre

Diarrhea, sometimes spelled diarre in some languages, refers to stools that are looser or more frequent than usual. It is usually classified as acute (lasting a few days) or chronic (lasting four weeks or more).

Most episodes are mild and self-limited, but diarrhea can lead to dehydration, especially in young children and older adults. Signs of dehydration include thirst, dry mouth, reduced urination, dizziness, and fatigue.

Common causes include infections (viral such as norovirus and rotavirus; bacterial such as Escherichia coli or Salmonella; parasites), medications (antibiotics, magnesium-containing antacids), food intolerances (lactose), inflammatory bowel disease, malabsorption, and other conditions such as thyroid disorders.

Diagnosis is based on medical history, physical exam, and hydration status. Tests may be ordered if there is fever, blood or pus in the stool, persistent symptoms, severe dehydration, or recent travel or immune compromise. Stool studies, blood tests, and imaging may be used as needed.

Treatment focuses on preventing and treating dehydration. For most adults and older children, oral rehydration solutions with electrolytes are recommended; continue a normal or easily digestible diet. Antidiarrheal medicines such as loperamide may be used in some cases for short periods, but should be avoided in children or when fever, bloody stools, or suspected infection with certain pathogens are present. Antibiotics are not routinely given and are reserved for specific bacterial infections or severe disease.

Prevention includes good hand hygiene, safe drinking water, proper food preparation, and vaccination against rotavirus where available. Most diarrhea resolves within a few days; chronic diarrhea lasting more than four weeks warrants medical evaluation.