degradables

Degradables are materials that are designed to break down under environmental conditions through biological, chemical, or physical processes. They are used to reduce persistence in the environment and to align product life cycles with waste-management streams.

Common forms include biodegradable plastics, which may break down by biological activity; compostable materials, which meet specific standards to degrade in industrial or home composting facilities; and photodegradable or oxo-degradable plastics, which fragment under light exposure. Other degradables include hydrolytically or oxidatively degradable polymers and certain degradable metals used in temporary applications.

Degradation mechanisms vary: biodegradation yields microbes and biomass; photodegradation uses UV light to fragment polymers; hydrolysis and oxidation lower molecular weight to enable breakdown. Degradation rate depends on material, conditions, temperature, moisture, and the presence of microbes.

Standards and labeling help define when a material is considered compostable or biodegradable, with examples including EN 13432, ASTM D6400, and OK compost HOME or INDUSTRIAL certifications. Not all degradables perform the same in all environments; many require industrial composting or specific conditions such as adequate heat, moisture, and microbial activity.

Environmental and policy considerations emphasize that degradables are not a universal solution to waste; improper disposal can still produce litter or microplastics. Life cycle assessments and waste-system compatibility are important when evaluating degradables for packaging, agriculture, or medical uses.

See also: biodegradable plastics, bioplastics, compostable, oxo-degradable.