cykloner

Cykloner is a term encountered in meteorology to refer to a cyclone, a large-scale low-pressure system characterized by rotating winds around a central region of reduced pressure. In Polish meteorology, the standard term is cyklon (plural cyklony); cykloner is less common and may appear in translations or specialized contexts. Cykloners can be tropical or extratropical.

They form when warm, moist air rises, creating a low pressure at the surface and a rotating wind field due to the Coriolis effect. Tropical cyclones develop over warm ocean waters, require strong convection and sufficient latitude to sustain rotation. Extratropical cyclones form along weather fronts in middle to high latitudes and can derive energy from temperature contrasts. Both types exhibit organized bands of storms and a discernible center of circulation, though their internal structure and energy sources differ.

Cyclones are classified by their characteristics. Tropical cykloner are categorized by wind speeds into tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes or typhoons. Extratropical cyclones are often described by central pressure, wind field extent, and associated weather features. In the Northern Hemisphere cyclones rotate counterclockwise; in the Southern Hemisphere they rotate clockwise, a consequence of the Coriolis effect.

Impacts and tracking: Cykloner can bring heavy rain, flooding, strong winds, and storm surge, posing risks to life and property. Forecasting relies on satellites, weather radars, ground and ocean observations, and numerical weather models to predict paths and intensities and to issue warnings. Monitoring and research continue to improve understanding and prediction of these systems.