crossgrain

Crossgrain refers to the direction of wood grain that is perpendicular to the main direction of the wood fibers. Wood is primarily composed of long, parallel fibers running along the length of the tree trunk. The grain direction that follows this natural orientation is known as the grain-on-grain or long grain. When wood is cut or worked against this primary fiber direction, it is considered crossgrain.

This orientation significantly affects the wood's properties. Wood is much stronger and more stable when forces are applied parallel to the grain. Conversely, wood is weaker and more prone to splitting, chipping, or tearing when worked against the grain. For example, when sawing or planing, cutting across the grain requires more effort and can result in a rougher surface finish compared to cutting with the grain. Similarly, fastening screws or nails into crossgrain wood is less secure.

Understanding crossgrain is crucial in woodworking and carpentry for selecting the appropriate cutting techniques, determining structural integrity, and achieving desired finishes. Woodworkers often orient cuts and joinery to take advantage of the wood's strength along the grain and to minimize issues associated with working against it. The appearance of the wood surface also changes depending on whether the cut is made with or across the grain, influencing the aesthetic outcome of a project.