counterknowledge

Counterknowledge is a term used to describe information that is presented as knowledge but is false, misleading, or unsubstantiated. It covers claims that appear to be based on data, authority, or widely accepted facts, yet conflict with established evidence or lack credible support. The concept emphasizes how framing can make errors resistant to correction.

Often arising in discussions of science communication, counterknowledge spreads through selective use of sources, cherry-picked statistics, misinterpretation of studies, pseudo-scientific language, and appeals to authority or tradition. It may be disseminated unintentionally through misinformed repetition, or intentionally to advance ideological or political aims.

Counterknowledge can influence public understanding by appealing to emotions, identity, and biases, contributing to skepticism toward expertise and to polarized debates. Debunking strategies include clear, non-confrontational correction; presenting concise, verifiable evidence; and addressing underlying values. Effective countermeasures also emphasize media literacy and critical thinking to reduce susceptibility to false claims.

Related terms include misinformation, disinformation, pseudoscience, and conspiracy theories. Distinctions among them lie in intent, credibility, and epistemic framing, while counterknowledge focuses on the knowledge-like presentation of false or misleading claims.

See also

- Misinformation

- Disinformation

- Pseudoscience

- Conspiracy theory

- Fact-checking

- Media literacy