contrebasse

The contrebasse, also known as the double bass, is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra. It is a member of the violin family, though its ancestry is somewhat debated, with influences from both the viol family and earlier forms of the violin. The instrument typically has four strings, tuned in fourths: E, A, D, and G, from lowest to highest pitch. Some basses have a fifth string, usually tuned a whole step lower to C, or a machine that extends the lowest string to C.

The contrabass is played either with a bow, in a style known as arco, or by plucking the strings with the fingers, known as pizzicato. Bowing techniques vary, with two main styles: the German bow grip and the French (or Simandl) bow grip. The instrument's physical construction features a sloping shoulder, similar to the viol family, which helps with access to the higher positions. Its sound is deep and resonant, providing the harmonic foundation for much of orchestral and chamber music.

Beyond its orchestral role, the contrabass is a vital instrument in jazz, blues, bluegrass, and many other popular music genres, where pizzicato playing is particularly prominent. Its versatility allows it to function as a harmonic and rhythmic anchor, as well as a solo instrument capable of great melodic expressiveness. The contrabass is typically made of wood, with a spruce top and maple back and sides, though modern variations may incorporate composite materials.