cirkulations

Cirkulations is a term used in several languages to denote the movement of something—substances, energy, or information—within a system in a roughly closed loop. It describes how resources flow and are reintroduced into a cycle, rather than being consumed or destroyed in isolation.

In biology, cirkulation most commonly refers to circulation within living organisms. In the circulatory system, the heart pumps blood through arteries, capillaries, and veins in systemic and pulmonary circuits, delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste. The lymphatic system also circulates lymph, aiding immune function and fluid balance. Gas exchange and nutrient delivery in tissues involve microcirculation through tiny vessels.

In meteorology and oceanography, circulation describes large-scale movement of air and water. Atmospheric circulation forms cells such as Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells, while ocean circulation creates gyres and upwelling regions. These patterns are driven by solar heating, the rotation of the Earth (Coriolis effect), and differences in density, and they influence climate, weather, and nutrient distribution.

In ecology, circulation can refer to nutrient and energy cycles within ecosystems, including carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles, which sustain biological activity and ecosystem functioning.

In economics, circulation describes the flow of money through an economy, including aspects such as the velocity of money and the circulation of currency, which affect liquidity and economic activity. In information technology and libraries, circulation denotes the lending and movement of items like books or digital resources within an organization or between institutions.

Cirkulations is a fundamental concept across disciplines because it emphasizes feedback loops, drivers, and the maintenance of dynamic equilibrium within a system. Disruptions in circulation can impair function, such as circulatory diseases in humans or climate anomalies when circulation patterns shift.