ciklotronët

Ciklotronët are a type of particle accelerator that uses a magnetic field and an electric field to accelerate charged particles to high energies. Invented by Ernest Lawrence in 1929, the cyclotron was one of the first particle accelerators and played a crucial role in early nuclear physics research. The design features two D-shaped electrodes, called "dees," placed in a vacuum chamber between the poles of a powerful electromagnet. A high-frequency alternating voltage is applied across the gap between the dees. Charged particles are injected into the center of the apparatus. The magnetic field causes the particles to move in a spiral path, while the electric field accelerates them each time they cross the gap between the dees. As the particles gain energy, their orbital radius increases, causing them to spiral outwards. When the particles reach the desired energy, they are extracted from the cyclotron. Cyclotrons are still used today in various applications, including medical isotope production for diagnostic imaging, cancer therapy, and fundamental physics research. Their main advantage lies in their relatively compact size and ability to produce high-energy beams.