censurering

Censurering refers to the suppression, alteration, or restriction of information, ideas, or expressions by authorities, institutions, or platforms. It can take place before publication (prior restraint), after publication (removal or editing), or by blocking access (filters or bans). Censurering is motivated by political, moral, religious, security, or commercial considerations and can involve state actors, media owners, or online platforms. Distinctions are often made between government censorship and self‑censorship, which is voluntary restraint by individuals or groups.

Forms of censurering include legal restrictions, licensing, classification systems, and court orders; content takedowns; content filtering; and algorithmic moderation on digital platforms. Governments may justify censorship with national security or public order, while private entities may enforce terms of service or code of conduct. Self-censorship arises when people avoid expressing controversial views for fear of sanctions, reputational harm, or market pressures.

Historically, censorship has appeared in many forms, from religious and royal edicts to state-controlled media. The rise of printing, radio, television, and the internet has expanded the tools of censorship and the opportunities for resistance. In practice, censorship is common in authoritarian regimes, as well as in liberal democracies that use laws, oversight bodies, or platform policies to limit certain content (for example, hate speech, misinformation, or defamation).

International norms affirm freedom of expression but recognize lawful restrictions. Core principles include legality, necessity, and proportionality. Transparency, independent oversight, and avenues for redress help check abuses. Censurering influences culture, science, and public discourse by shaping what people can know and say, with effects that may reinforce power imbalances or provoke counter-movements and calls for greater openness.